{"id":3820,"date":"2020-10-23T00:58:08","date_gmt":"2020-10-23T00:58:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/silvercoppercoins.com\/shop\/product\/brutus-julius-caesar-roman-assassin-44bc-ancient-greek-gold-coin-ngc-ms-i66641\/"},"modified":"2020-10-23T02:41:37","modified_gmt":"2020-10-23T02:41:37","slug":"brutus-julius-caesar-roman-assassin-44bc-ancient-greek-gold-coin-ngc-ms-i66641","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/silvercoppercoins.com\/shop\/product\/brutus-julius-caesar-roman-assassin-44bc-ancient-greek-gold-coin-ngc-ms-i66641\/","title":{"rendered":"Brutus Julius Caesar Roman Assassin 44BC Ancient Greek GOLD Coin NGC MS i66641"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Authentic
\nAncient Coin of:<\/span><\/p>\n

\n<\/p>\n

Marcus Junius Brutus<\/a>, Assassin of Julius Caesar<\/a>
\n<\/b>Gold Propaganda Coin with Obverse of his silver Coin from 54 B.C.
\nwith his famous ancestor L. Brutus
\nStruck under:
\nDynast of Thrace: Koson
\nGold Stater 20mm (8.40 grams) Struck After 44 B.C.
\nReference: RPC 1701; BMC Thrace pg. 208, 2; BMCRR II pg. 474, 48
\nCertification: NGC Ancients<\/a> Ch MS Strike: 5\/5 Surface: 5\/5 
\n3927929-046<\/b>
\nKOΣΩΝ, Roman consul accompanied by two lictors; BR monogram to left
\nEagle standing left on sceptre, holding wreath.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Koson: Golden Ally of Brutus<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Marcus Junius Brutus and C. Cassius Longinus left for Greece in August of 44
\nBC, having failed to win popular support at Rome following the assassination of
\nCaesar. In the next two years the tyrannicides collected an immense war chest
\nas they assembled their forces for the contest against Antony and Octavian. The
\nhistorian Appian (Bell. Civ. IV. 75) tells us that L. Brutus struck from the
\ntreasures consigned to him by Polemocratia, the widow of the Thracian dynast
\nSadalas. Although the identity of the ‘Koson’ named on the coins
\nremains uncertain, the coinage in his name must be the coinage of L. Brutus
\ndescribed by Appian. The obverse depicts the great consul L. Junius Brutus, who
\nexpelled the Tarquins from Rome in 509 BC, accompanied by two lictors bearing
\naxes. The design is copied from the denarius issued by M. Junius Brutus when he
\nwas a moneyer in 54 BC (Crawford 433\/1). The reverse, an eagle standing on a
\nsceptre and holding a victory wreath, was evidently a standard type at Rome and
\noccurs on the coinage of Q. Pomponius Rufus (Crawford 398\/1). The monogram is
\nto be read as BR or LBR (Brutus or L. Brutus). The designs express Brutus’ propaganda
\nin the civil war perfectly: the obverse represents the historic fight against
\ntyranny, and the reverse represents the victorious Roman eagle.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

You
\nare bidding on the exact item pictured provided with a Certificate of
\nAuthenticity.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\n
\n<\/div>\n

Lucius Junius Brutus<\/b> was the founder of the Roman Republic and
\ntraditionally one of the first consuls in 509 BC. He was claimed as an ancestor
\nof the Roman gens Junia, including Decimus Junius Brutus and Marcus Junius Brutus,
\nthe most famous of Julius Caesar’s assassins.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Background<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

Prior to the establishment of the Roman Republic, Rome had been ruled by
\nkings. Brutus led the revolt that overthrew the last king, Lucius Tarquinius
\nSuperbus, after the rape of the noblewoman (and kinswoman of Brutus) Lucretia
\nat the hands of Tarquin’s son Sextus Tarquinius. The account is from
\nLivy’s Ab urbe condita<\/i> and deals with a point in the history
\nof Rome prior to reliable historical records (virtually all prior records were
\ndestroyed by the Gauls when they sacked Rome under Brennus in 390 BC or 387
\nBC).<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Overthrow of the MonarchyLucius Iunius Brutus, on
\nright<\/h2>\n

\n<\/p>\n

\"Brutus<\/p>\n

Main article: Overthrow of the Roman monarchy<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Brutus was the son of Tarquinia, daughter of Rome’s fifth king Lucius
\nTarquinius Priscus and sister to Rome’s seventh king Tarquinius Superbus.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

According to Livy, Brutus had a number of grievances against his uncle the
\nking, amongst them was the fact that Tarquin had put to death a number of the
\nchief men of Rome, including Brutus’ brother. Brutus avoided the distrust of
\nTarquin’s family by feigning slow-wittedness (in Latin brutus<\/i>translates
\nto dullard).<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

He accompanied Tarquin’s sons on a trip to the Oracle of Delphi. The sons
\nasked the oracle who would be the next ruler of Rome. The Oracle responded the
\nnext person to kiss his mother would become king. Brutus interpreted
\n‘mother’ to mean the Earth, so he pretended to trip and kissed the
\nground.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Brutus, along with Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus, Publius Valerius
\nPublicola, and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus were summoned by Lucretia to
\nCollatia after she had been raped by Sextus Tarquinius, the son of the king
\nTarquinius Superbus. Lucretia, believing that the rape dishonored her and her
\nfamily, committed suicide by stabbing herself with a dagger after telling of
\nwhat had befallen her. According to legend, Brutus grabbed the dagger from
\nLucretia’s breast after her death and immediately shouted for the overthrow of
\nthe Tarquins.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

The four men gathered the youth of Collatia, then went to Rome where Brutus,
\nbeing at that time Tribunus Celerum<\/i>, summoned the people to the
\nforum and exhorted them to rise up against the king. The people voted for the
\ndeposition of the king, and the banishment of the royal family.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Brutus, leaving Lucretius in command of the city, proceeded with armed men
\nto the Roman army then camped at Ardea. The king, who had been with the army,
\nheard of developments at Rome, and left the camp for the city before Brutus’
\narrival. The army received Brutus as a hero, and the king’s sons were expelled
\nfrom the camp. Tarquinius Superbus, meanwhile, was refused entry at Rome, and
\nfled with his family into exile.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

The Oath of Brutus<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

According to Livy, Brutus’ first act after the expulsion of Lucius
\nTarquinius Superbus was to bring the people to swear an oath never to allow any
\nman again to be king in Rome.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Omnium primum avidum novae libertatis populum, ne
\npostmodum flecti precibus aut donis regiis posset, iure iurando adegit neminem
\nRomae passuros regnare.<\/b>First of all, by swearing an oath that they would
\nsuffer no man to rule Rome, it forced the people, desirous of a new liberty,
\nnot to be thereafter swayed by the entreaties or bribes of kings.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

This is, fundamentally, a restatement of the ‘private oath’ sworn by the
\nconspirators to overthrow the monarchy:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Per hunc… castissimum ante regiam iniuriam sanguinem
\niuro, vosque, di, testes facio me L. Tarquinium Superbum cum scelerata coniuge
\net omni liberorum stirpe ferro igni quacumque dehinc vi possim exsecuturum, nec
\nillos nec alium quemquam regnare Romae passurum.<\/b>By this guiltless blood
\nbefore the kingly injustice I swear – you and the gods as my witnesses
\n– I make myself the one who will prosecute, by what force I am able,
\nLucius Tarquinius Superbus along with his wicked wife and the whole house of
\nhis freeborn children by sword, by fire, by any means hence, so that neither
\nthey nor any one else be suffered to rule Rome.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

There is no scholarly agreement that the oath took place; it is reported,
\nalthough differently, by Plutarch (Poplicola<\/i>, 2) and Appian (B.C.<\/i> 2.119).<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Consulship and death<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

Brutus and Lucretia’s bereaved husband, Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, were
\nelected as the first consuls of Rome (509 BC). However, Tarquinius was soon
\nreplaced by Publius Valerius Publicola. Brutus’ first acts during his
\nconsulship, according to Livy, included administering an oath to the people of
\nRome to never again accept a king in Rome (see above) and replenishing the
\nnumber of senators to 300 from the principal men of the equites. The new
\nconsuls also created a new office of rex sacrorum to carry out the religious
\nduties that had previously been performed by the kings.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

During his consulship the royal family made an attempt to regain the throne,
\nfirstly by their ambassadors seeking to subvert a number of the leading Roman
\ncitizens in the Tarquinian conspiracy. Amongst the conspirators were two
\nbrothers of Brutus’ wife Vitellia, and Brutus’ two sons, Titus Junius Brutus
\nand Tiberius Junius Brutus. The conspiracy was discovered and the consuls
\ndetermined to punish the conspirators with death. Brutus gained respect for his
\nstoicism in watching the execution of his own sons, even though he showed
\nemotion during the punishment.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Tarquin again sought to retake the throne soon after at the Battle of Silva
\nArsia, leading the forces of Tarquinii and Veii against the Roman army.
\nValerius led the infantry, and Brutus led the cavalry. Aruns, the king’s son,
\nled the Etruscan cavalry. The cavalry first joined battle and Aruns, having
\nspied from afar the lictors, and thereby recognizing the presence of a consul,
\nsoon saw that Brutus was in command of the cavalry. The two men, who were
\ncousins, charged each other, and speared each other to death. The infantry also
\nsoon joined the battle, the result being in doubt for some time. The right wing
\nof each army was victorious, the army of Tarquinii forcing back the Romans, and
\nthe Veientes being routed. However the Etruscan forces eventually fled the
\nfield, the Romans claiming the victory.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

The surviving consul, Valerius, after celebrating a triumph for the victory,
\nheld a funeral for Brutus with much magnificence. The Roman noblewomen mourned
\nhim for one year, for his vengeance of Lucretia’s violation.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Brutus in literature and art<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

The Lictors Bring to
\nBrutus the Bodies of His Sons<\/i> by David, 1789<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\"Brutus<\/p>\n

Lucius Junius Brutus is quite prominent in English literature, and he was
\nquite popular among British and American Whigs.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/p>\n

A reference to L. J. Brutus is in the following lines from Shakespeare’s
\nplay The Tragedie of Julius Cæsar<\/i>, (Cassius to Marcus Brutus, Act
\n1, Scene 2).<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

‘O, you and I have heard our fathers say,There was a
\nBrutus once that would have brooktTh’eternal devil to keep his state in RomeAs
\neasily as a king.’<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

One of the main charges of the senatorial faction that plotted against
\nJulius Caesar after he had the Roman Senate declare him dictator for life, was
\nthat he was attempting to make himself a king, and a co-conspirator Cassius,
\nenticed Brutus’ direct descendant, Marcus Junius Brutus, to join the conspiracy
\nby referring to his ancestor.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

L. J. Brutus is a leading character in Shakespeare’s Rape of Lucrece<\/i> and
\nin Nathaniel Lee’s Restoration tragedy (1680), Lucius Junius Brutus;
\nFather of his Country<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

In The Mikado<\/i>, Nanki-poo refers to his father as ‘the
\nLucius Junius Brutus of his race’.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

The memory of L. J. Brutus also had a profound impact on Italian patriots,
\nincluding those who established the ill-fated Roman Republic in February 1849.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Brutus was a hero of republicanism during the Enlightenment and Neoclassical
\nperiods. In 1789, at the dawn of the French Revolution, master painter
\nJacques-Louis David publicly exhibited his politically charged
\nmasterwork, The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons<\/i>, to
\ngreat controversy.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

See also<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n
    \n
  • Junia
    \n (gens)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
  • Junius\n<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    <\/p>\n
    \n<\/div>\n

    Marcus Junius Brutus<\/b> (early June, 85 BC – late October,
    \n42 BC), often referred to as Brutus<\/b>, was a politician of the
    \nlate Roman Republic. After being adopted by his uncle he used the name Quintus
    \nServilius Caepio Brutus<\/b>, but eventually returned to using his original
    \nname.\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e9\/Portrait_Brutus_Massimo.jpg\/220px-Portrait_Brutus_Massimo.jpg\"<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    He is best known in modern times for taking a leading role in the
    \nassassination of Julius Caesar.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    Early life<\/h2>\n

    \"Brutus<\/h2>\n

    Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger was the son of Marcus Junius Brutus the
    \nElder and Servilia Caepionis. His father was killed by Pompey the Great in
    \ndubious circumstances after he had taken part in the rebellion of Lepidus; his
    \nmother was the half-sister of Cato the Younger, and later Julius Caesar’s
    \nmistress. Some sources refer to the possibility of Caesar being his real
    \nfather, despite Caesar’s being only 15 years old when Brutus was born.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    Brutus’ uncle, Quintus Servilius Caepio, adopted him in about 59 BC,
    \nand Brutus was known officially for a time as Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus
    \nbefore he reverted to using his birth-name. Following Caesar’s assassination in
    \n44 BC, Brutus revived his adoptive name in order to illustrate his links
    \nto another famous tyrannicide, Gaius Servilius Ahala, from whom he was
    \ndescended.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    Brutus held his uncle in high regard and his political career started when
    \nhe became an assistant to Cato, during his governorship of Cyprus. During this
    \ntime, he enriched himself by lending money at high rates of interest. He
    \nreturned to Rome a rich man, where he married Claudia Pulchra. From his first
    \nappearance in the Senate, Brutus aligned with the Optimates (the conservative
    \nfaction) against the First Triumvirate of Marcus Licinius Crassus, Gnaeus
    \nPompeius Magnus and Gaius Julius Caesar.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    Senate career<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

    When civil war broke out in 49 BC between Pompey and Caesar, Brutus followed
    \nhis old enemy and present leader of the Optimates, Pompey. When the Battle of
    \nPharsalus began, Caesar ordered his officers to take Brutus prisoner if he gave
    \nhimself up voluntarily, and if he persisted in fighting against capture, to let
    \nhim alone and do him no violence.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    After the disaster of the Battle of Pharsalus, Brutus wrote to Caesar with
    \napologies and Caesar immediately forgave him. Caesar then accepted him into his
    \ninner circle and made him governor of Gaul when he left for Africa in pursuit
    \nof Cato and Metellus Scipio. In 45 BC, Caesar nominated Brutus to serve as
    \nurban praetor for the following year.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    Also, in June 45 BC, Brutus divorced his wife and married his first cousin,
    \nPorcia Catonis, Cato’s daughter. According to Cicero the marriage caused a
    \nsemi-scandal as Brutus failed to state a valid reason for his divorce from
    \nClaudia other than he wished to marry Porcia. The marriage also caused a rift
    \nbetween Brutus and his mother, who resented the affection Brutus had for Porcia.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    Assassination of Julius Caesar (44 BC)<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

    Main article: Assassination of Julius Caesar<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    \nDeath of Caesar<\/i> by Vincenzo Camuccini.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    \"Brutus<\/p>\n

    Around this time, many senators began to fear Caesar’s growing power
    \nfollowing his appointment as dictator for life. Brutus was persuaded into
    \njoining the conspiracy against Caesar by the other senators. Eventually, Brutus
    \ndecided to move against Caesar after Caesar’s king-like behavior prompted him
    \nto take action. His wife was the only woman privy to the plot.<\/span><\/p>\n

    The conspirators planned to carry out their plot on the Ides of March (March
    \n15) that same year. On that day, Caesar was delayed going to the Senate because
    \nhis wife, Calpurnia Pisonis, tried to convince him not to go. The conspirators
    \nfeared the plot had been found out. Brutus persisted, however, waiting for
    \nCaesar at the Senate, and allegedly still chose to remain even when a messenger
    \nbrought him news that would otherwise have caused him to leave.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    When Caesar finally did come to the Senate, they attacked him. Publius
    \nServilius Casca Longus was allegedly the first to attack Caesar with a blow to
    \nthe shoulder, which Caesar blocked. However, upon seeing Brutus was with the
    \nconspirators, he covered his face with his toga and resigned himself to his
    \nfate. The conspirators attacked in such numbers that they even wounded one
    \nanother. Brutus is said to have been wounded in the hand and in the legs.<\/p>\n

    \nMarcus Junius Brutus.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    After the assassination, the Senate passed an amnesty on the assassins. This
    \namnesty was proposed by Caesar’s friend and co-consul Marcus Antonius.
    \nNonetheless, uproar among the population caused Brutus and the conspirators to
    \nleave Rome. Brutus settled in Crete from 44 to 42 BC.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    In 43 BC, after Octavian received his consulship from the Roman Senate, one
    \nof his first actions was to have the people that had assassinated Julius Caesar
    \ndeclared murderers and enemies of the state. Marcus Tullius Cicero, angry at
    \nOctavian, wrote a letter to Brutus explaining that the forces of Octavian and
    \nMarcus Antonius were divided. Antonius had laid siege to the province of Gaul,
    \nwhere he wanted a governorship. In response to this siege, Octavian rallied his
    \ntroops and fought a series of battles in which Antonius was defeated.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    Battle of Philippi (42 BC)<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

    Upon hearing that neither Antonius nor Octavian had an army big enough to
    \ndefend Rome, Brutus rallied his troops, which totaled about 17 legions. When
    \nOctavian heard that Brutus was on his way to Rome, he made peace with Antonius.
    \nTheir armies, which together totaled about 19 legions, marched to meet Brutus
    \nand Gaius Cassius Longinus. The two sides met in two engagements known as the
    \nBattle of Philippi. The first was fought on October 3, 42 BC, in
    \nwhich Brutus defeated Octavian’s forces, although Cassius was defeated by
    \nAntonius’ forces. The second engagement was fought on October 23,
    \n42 BC and ended in Brutus’ defeat.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    After the defeat, he fled into the nearby hills with only about four
    \nlegions. Knowing his army had been defeated and that he would be captured,
    \nBrutus committed suicide. Among his last words were, according to Plutarch,
    \n‘By all means must we fly; not with our feet, however, but with our
    \nhands.’ Brutus also uttered the well-known verse calling down a curse upon
    \nAntonius (Plutarch repeats this from the memoirs of Publius Volumnius): Forget
    \nnot, Zeus, the author of these crimes<\/i>(in the Dryden translation this
    \npassage is given as Punish, great Jove, the author of these ills<\/i>).
    \nPlutarch wrote that, according to Volumnius, Brutus repeated two verses, but
    \nVolumnius was only able to recall the one quoted.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    Antonius, as a show of great respect, ordered Brutus’ body to be wrapped in
    \nAntonius’ most expensive purple mantle (this was later stolen and Antonius had
    \nthe thief executed). Brutus was cremated, and his ashes were sent to his
    \nmother, Servilia Caepionis. His wife Porcia was reported to have committed
    \nsuicide upon hearing of her husband’s death, although, according to Plutarch (Brutus
    \n53 para 2), there is some dispute as to whether this is the case: Plutarch
    \nstates that there is a letter in existence that was allegedly written by Brutus
    \nmourning the manner of her death.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    Chronology<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n
      \n
    • 85 BC:
      \n Brutus was born in Rome to Marcus Junius Brutus The Elder and Servilia
      \n Caepionis.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
    • 58 BC: He
      \n was made assistant to Cato, governor of Cyprus which helped him start his
      \n political career.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
    • 53 BC: He
      \n was given the quaestorship in Cilicia.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
    • 49 BC:
      \n Brutus followed Pompey to Greece during the civil war against Caesar.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
    • 48 BC:
      \n Brutus was pardoned by Caesar.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
    • 46 BC: He
      \n was made governor of Gaul.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
    • 45 BC: He
      \n was made Praetor.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
    • 44 BC:
      \n Murdered Caesar with other liberatores; went to Athens and then to Crete.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
    • 42 BC:
      \n Battle with Marcus Antonius’s forces.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Legacy<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

      This was the noblest Roman of them all:
      \nAll the conspirators save only he
      \nDid that they did in envy of great Caesar;
      \nHe only, in a general honest thought
      \nAnd common good to all, made one of them.
      \nHis life was gentle, and the elements
      \nSo mix’d in him that Nature might stand up
      \nAnd say to all the world ‘This was a man!’
      \n William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar<\/i>, Act 5, Scene 5
      \n(Mark Antony)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

      Influence<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
        \n
      • The
        \n phrase Sic semper tyrannis!<\/i> [‘thus, ever (or
        \n always), to tyrants!’] is attributed to Brutus at Caesar’s
        \n assassination. The phrase is also the official motto of the Commonwealth
        \n of Virginia.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
      • John
        \n Wilkes Booth, the assassin of Abraham Lincoln, claimed to be inspired by
        \n Brutus. Booth’s father, Junius Brutus Booth, was named for Brutus, and
        \n Booth (as Marcus Antonius) and his brother (as Brutus) had performed in a
        \n production of Julius Caesar<\/i> in New York just six months
        \n before the assassination. On the night of the assassination, Booth is
        \n alleged to have shouted ‘Sic semper tyrannis’ while leaping to
        \n the stage of Ford’s Theater. Lamenting the negative reaction to his deed,
        \n Booth wrote in his journal on April 21, 1865, while on the run,
        \n ‘[W]ith every man’s hand against me, I am here in despair. And why;
        \n For doing what Brutus was honored for … And yet I for striking down a
        \n greater tyrant than they ever knew am looked upon as a common
        \n cutthroat.’ Booth was also known to be greatly attracted to Caesar
        \n himself, having played both Brutus and Caesar upon various stages.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
      • The
        \n well-known phrase ‘Et tu, Brute?’ (‘And you, Brutus?’)
        \n is famous as Caesar’s utterance in the play Julius Caesar, although it is
        \n not his last words, and the sources describing Caesar’s death disagree
        \n about what his last words were.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Fiction<\/h3>\n<\/p>\n
          \n
        • In
          \n Dante’s Inferno<\/i>, Brutus is one of three people deemed sinful
          \n enough to be chewed in one of the three mouths of Satan, in the very
          \n center of Hell, for all eternity. The other two are Cassius, who was
          \n Brutus’s fellow conspirator and Judas Iscariot (Canto XXXIV). Dante
          \n condemned these three in the afterlife for being Treacherous Against Their
          \n Masters and enemies of the King\/Emperor.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
        • Shakespeare’s
          \n play Julius Caesar<\/i> depicts Caesar’s assassination by
          \n Brutus and his accomplices, and the murderers’ subsequent downfall. In the
          \n final scene, Marcus Antonius describes Brutus as ‘the noblest Roman
          \n of them all’, for he was the only conspirator who acted for the good
          \n of Rome.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
        • In
          \n the Masters of Rome<\/i> novels of Colleen McCullough, Brutus
          \n is portrayed as a timid intellectual who hates Caesar for personal
          \n reasons, foremost of them the fact that his marriage arrangement with
          \n Caesar’s daughter, Julia, whom Brutus deeply loved, was dissolved in
          \n Caesar’s political gamble to give his daughter’s hand to Pompey to cement
          \n with him an alliance. Cassius and Trebonius use him as a figurehead
          \n because of his family connections, and his descendence from the founder of
          \n the Republic. He appears in Fortune’s Favourites<\/i>, Caesar’s
          \n Women<\/i>, Caesar<\/i> and The October Horse<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
        • Ides of
          \n March<\/i> is an epistolatory novel by Thornton Wilder dealing with
          \n characters and events leading to, and culminating in, the assassination of
          \n Julius Caesar.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
        • In the TV
          \n series Rome<\/i>, Brutus, portrayed by Tobias Menzies, is depicted
          \n as a young man torn between what he believes is right, and his loyalty and
          \n love of a man who has been like a father to him. In the series, his
          \n personality and motives are accurate but Brutus’ relationship to Cassius
          \n and Cato is not mentioned, and his three sisters and wife Porcia are
          \n omitted from the series completely.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
        • Brutus is
          \n an occasional supporting character in Asterix comics, most notably Asterix
          \n and Son<\/i>in which he is the main antagonist. The character appears in
          \n the live Asterix film adaptations – though briefly in the first two
          \n – Asterix and Obelix vs Caesar<\/i> (played by Didier Cauchy)
          \n and Asterix at the Olympic Games<\/i>. In the latter film, he is
          \n portrayed as a comical villain by Belgian actor Benoît Poelvoorde: he is a
          \n central character to the film, even though he was not depicted in the
          \n original Asterix at the Olympic Games comic book. Following sources cited
          \n in Plutarch, he is implied in that film to be Julius Caesar’s biological
          \n son.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
        • The Hives’
          \n song ‘B is for Brutus’ contains titular and lyrical references
          \n to Junius Brutus.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          The Roman Republic<\/b> was the phase of the ancient Roman
          \ncivilization characterized by a republican form of government. It began with
          \nthe overthrow of the Roman monarchy, c. 509 BC, and lasted over 450 years until
          \nits subversion, through a series of civil wars, into the Principate form of
          \ngovernment and the Imperial period.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

          The Roman Republic was governed by a complex constitution, which centered on
          \nthe principles of a separation of powers and checks and balances. The evolution
          \nof the constitution was heavily influenced by the struggle between the
          \naristocracy (the patricians), and other talented Romans who were not from
          \nfamous families, the plebeians. Early in its history, the republic was controlled
          \nby an aristocracy of individuals who could trace their ancestry back to the
          \nearly history of the kingdom. Over time, the laws that allowed these
          \nindividuals to dominate the government were repealed, and the result was the
          \nemergence of a new aristocracy which depended on the structure of society,
          \nrather than the law, to maintain its dominance.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

          During the first two centuries, the Republic saw its territory expand from
          \ncentral Italy to the entire Mediterranean world. In the next century, Rome grew
          \nto dominate North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, Greece, and what is now
          \nsouthern France. During the last two centuries of the Roman Republic, it grew
          \nto dominate the rest of modern France, as well as much of the east. At this
          \npoint, the republican political machinery was replaced with imperialism.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

          The precise event which signaled the end of the Roman Republic and the
          \ntransition into the Roman Empire is a matter of interpretation. Towards the end
          \nof the period a selection of Roman leaders came to so dominate the political
          \narena that they exceeded the limitations of the Republic as a matter of course.
          \nHistorians have variously proposed the appointment of Julius Caesar as
          \nperpetual dictator in 44 BC, the defeat of Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium
          \nin 31 BC, and the Roman Senate’s grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian
          \n(Augustus) under the first settlement in 27 BC, as candidates for the defining
          \npivotal event ending the Republic.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

          Many of Rome’s legal and legislative structures can still be observed
          \nthroughout Europe and the rest of the world by modern nation state and
          \ninternational organizations. The Romans’ Latin language has influenced grammar
          \nand vocabulary across parts of Europe and the world.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n

          Certificate of authenticity<\/h3>\n

          \n
          \n

          This coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.  You will be very happy with what you get with the COA; a professional presentation of the coin, with all of the relevant information and a picture of the coin you saw in the listing. Additionally, the coin is inside it’s own protective coin flip (holder), with a 2×2 inch description of the coin matching the individual number on the COA.<\/p>\n

          On the free-market such a presentation alone, can be considered a $25-$50 value all in itself, and it comes standard with your purchases from me, FREE.<\/b> <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/h3>\n

          <\/font><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Authentic Ancient Coin of: Marcus Junius Brutus, Assassin of Julius Caesar Gold Propaganda Coin with Obverse of his silver Coin from 54 B.C. with his famous ancestor L. Brutus Struck under: Dynast of Thrace: Koson Gold Stater 20mm (8.40 grams) Struck After 44 B.C. Reference: RPC 1701; BMC Thrace pg. 208, 2; BMCRR II pg. 474, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":3821,"template":"","meta":[],"product_cat":[100],"product_tag":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/silvercoppercoins.com\/shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/3820"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/silvercoppercoins.com\/shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/silvercoppercoins.com\/shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/silvercoppercoins.com\/shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3821"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/silvercoppercoins.com\/shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3820"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/silvercoppercoins.com\/shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=3820"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/silvercoppercoins.com\/shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=3820"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}